Write a program that displays the position of a character ch in the string S or – 1 if S doesn’t contain ch. || C Lab Program

 WAP_E04: Write a C program that displays the position of a character ch in the string S or – 1 if S doesn’t contain ch. || Strings

WAP_E04: C Lab Program

//position of a character ch in the string S or - 1 if S doesn't contain ch. #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main() {     char str[100], ch;     char *position;     // Input string and character     printf("Enter the string: ");     fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);     printf("Enter the character to find: ");     scanf("%c", &ch);     // Use strchr to find the first occurrence of ch in string S     position = strchr(str, ch);         // Check if character is found     if (position) {         // Output the index of the character         printf("Position of '%c' in string: %d\n", ch, position - str);     } else {         printf("-1\n");  // If the character is not found     }     return 0; }

OUTPUT

Enter the string: HelloWorld! Enter the character to find: W Position of 'W' in string: 5

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Credit Card Validator || 16 Intermediate Level C++ Projects

 Summary: 

A high-precision C++ utility designed to verify the structural validity of credit card numbers using the Luhn checksum. This project demonstrates string manipulation, algorithmic logic, and robust input sanitization.

Learning Objectives:

1. Algorithmic Mastery: Implement the Luhn Algorithm logic (doubling, digit-summing, and modulo-10).

2. String Processing: Learn to handle numeric data stored as std::string to bypass long long overflow limits.

3. Input Sanitization: Differentiate between "Invalid Format" (non-digits) and "Invalid Checksum" (bad math).

4. OOP Encapsulation: Organize logic into a cohesive CCValidator class.

The Source Code (main.cpp)

This code is optimized for the MinGW compiler in Code::Blocks. It includes <limits> to prevent the "console closing immediately" bug and <iomanip> for clean output formatting.

#include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> #include <limits> // Required for clearing input buffer in Code::Blocks using namespace std; class CCValidator { private:     // Helper: Sums digits of a number (e.g., 14 becomes 1+4=5)     int getDigitSum(int n) {         return (n < 10) ? n : (n / 10 + n % 10);     } public:     bool isValid(string cardNo) {         int nSum = 0;         bool isSecond = false;         // Iterate from right to left         for (int i = cardNo.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {             // Basic sanitization: check if character is a digit             if (!isdigit(cardNo[i])) return false;             int d = cardNo[i] - '0';             if (isSecond == true) {                 d = d * 2;                 d = getDigitSum(d);             }             nSum += d;             isSecond = !isSecond;         }         return (nSum % 10 == 0);     } }; int main() {     CCValidator validator;     string input;     cout << "========================================" << endl;     cout << "   ACADEMIC CREDIT CARD VALIDATOR       " << endl;     cout << "========================================" << endl;     while (true) {         cout << "\nEnter card number (or 'exit' to quit): ";         cin >> input;         if (input == "exit") break;         if (validator.isValid(input)) {             cout << ">> Result: [VALID] The checksum is correct." << endl;         } else {             cout << ">> Result: [INVALID] Checksum mismatch or bad format." << endl;         }         // Professor's Note: Standard Code::Blocks/MinGW buffer clear         cin.clear();         cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');     }     cout << "\nProgram terminated. Press Enter to close...";     cin.get();     return 0; }

Execution Trace (Sample Session)

========================================   ACADEMIC CREDIT CARD VALIDATOR       ======================================== -- Case 1: Happy Path (Valid Input) -- Enter card number (or 'exit' to quit): 79927398713 >> Result: [VALID] The checksum is correct. -- Case 2: Checksum Mismatch (Invalid Card) -- Enter card number (or 'exit' to quit): 79927398710 >> Result: [INVALID] Checksum mismatch or bad format. -- Case 3: Error Handling (Non-numeric Input) -- Enter card number (or 'exit' to quit): 1234-5678-ABCD >> Result: [INVALID] Checksum mismatch or bad format. Enter card number (or 'exit' to quit): exit

Academic "Learning Corner"

The String Over Long Long Debate

In many introductory courses, students try to use long long cardNum;. Warning: A standard credit card is 16 digits. While long long can technically hold up to $\approx 1.8 \times 10^{19}$, reading it via cin >> longLongVar often fails if the user enters spaces or dashes. Using std::string is the "Architect's Choice" because it allows us to iterate through digits easily and handle cards of any length (like 15-digit Amex or 19-digit specialty cards).

The MinGW cin.ignore() Trick

If you run this in Code::Blocks and the window vanishes instantly, it's because the trailing newline character from your last input is still in the buffer. The line cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n'); effectively "flushes" the toilet, ensuring the final cin.get() actually waits for your keypress.

Logic Tip: The "Subtract 9" Shortcut

In the Luhn algorithm, if a doubled digit is $> 9$ (like $8 \times 2 = 16$), we add the digits ($1+6=7$). Mathematically, for any doubled single digit, $d \times 2 - 9$ yields the exact same result as adding the digits of the product. It’s a cleaner way to write the logic!

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